Texas v. Johnson (1989) struck down a law banning flag burning on the grounds that such action is protected symbolic speech. This case contributed to what broader understanding?

• A. It strengthened establishment clause protections
• B. It expanded freedom of speech
• C. It restricted political expression
• D. It limited expressive conduct

Answer: (B)

At its heart, this item tests how the First Amendment regards symbolic conduct. The Court held that burning the flag to express political views communicates a message and is protected as speech, even if the act offends many. That decision reinforces the idea that the First Amendment protects more than spoken or written words; it covers expressive actions intended to convey a particularized message. By striking down a prohibition on flag desecration, the ruling shows that government may not suppress political expression merely because it is controversial or unpopular. It does not implicate the Establishment Clause, nor does it suggest restricting political expression; instead, it broadens protection to expressive conduct, contributing to the understanding that symbolic speech is protected under the First Amendment.